Little League Elbow Syndrome

BackgroundLittle league elbow (LLE) syndrome is a valgus overload or overstress injury to the medial elbow that occurs as a result of repetitive throwing motions. Over the past several decades, the number of organized sports for children has grown significantly, with millions of children participating in organized athletics each year. This increase in participation has been paralleled by an increase in sports-related injuries in the pediatric population.[1,...

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Humeral Capitellum Osteochondritis Dissecans

BackgroundIn 1889, Francis Konig described osteochondritis dissecans as a subchondral inflammatory process of the knee resulting in a loose fragment of cartilage from the femoral condyle. Although no inflammatory cells have been identified on histologic sections of excised fragments, the term osteochondritis dissecans has persisted and since been broadened to describe a similar process occurring in many other joints, including the knee, hip, ankle,...

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Gamekeeper's Thumb

, Gamekeeper's Th...

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Hand Dislocation

backgroundHand dislocation is a common damage in sports activities and in occupational settings, incessantly appearing to be minor. If the athlete, trainer, or show has already reduced the dislocation, it appears unimpressive when put next with an incredible knee damage or a shoulder dislocation. however, hand dislocations have actual potential for long-time period incapacity in sports activities and other areas of existence if enough discount is...

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Sports-Related Facial Soft Tissue Injuries

OverviewSports-related facial soft tissue injuries are not uncommon.[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] The position and anatomy of the face make it particularly vulnerable to trauma. In addition, few sports mandate the use of protective equipment, leaving the face susceptible to injury. The mechanism of facial soft tissue injuries is often a direct impact from an external source (eg, sporting equipment, another participant, environment/playing surface). The forces...

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Metatarsalgia

BackgroundMetatarsalgia is a common overuse injury described as pain in the forefoot that is associated with increased stress over the metatarsal head region. Metatarsalgia is often referred to as a symptom, rather than as a specific disease. Common causes of metatarsalgia include interdigital neuroma (also known as Morton neuroma), metatarsophalangeal synovitis, avascular necrosis, sesamoiditis, and inflammatory arthritis; however, these causes...

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Retrocalcaneal Bursitis

BackgroundPain at the posterior heel or ankle is most commonly caused by pathology at either the posterior calcaneus (at the calcaneal insertion site of the Achilles tendon) or at its associated bursae. Two bursae are located just superior to the insertion of the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon. Anterior or deep to the tendon is the retrocalcaneal (subtendinous) bursa, which is located between the Achilles tendon and the calcaneus. Posterior or superficial...

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Sports Participation by Paraplegics

OverviewCompetitive and recreational sporting opportunities for patients with disabilities have increased tremendously. One particular group of patients that has benefited from these opportunities and now participates in sports in ever-enlarging numbers is individuals with paraplegia. For the purposes of this article, paraplegia is defined as complete or incomplete paralysis in the lower extremities such that a wheelchair must be used as the primary...

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Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

BackgroundBased on statements found in the recent Orthopaedic Knowledge Update regarding the increased incidence of knee ligament injuries, the author proposes that this incidence may be associated with the current emphasis on fitness. These injuries are most often a result of low-velocity, noncontact, deceleration injuries and contact injuries with a rotational component. Contact sports also may produce injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)...

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Female Athlete Triad

BackgroundWith the increase in female participation in sports (much of it attributable to Title IX legislation in the United States),[1, 2] the incidence of a triad of disorders particular to women—the so-called female athlete triad—has also increased. The female athlete triad, though more common in the athletic population, can also occur in the nonathletic population. However, even though this triad was first described at the 1993 meeting of...

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Jumper's Knee

BackgroundBlazina et al first used the term jumper's knee (patellar tendinopathy, patellar tendinosis, patellar tendinitis) in 1973 to describe an insertional tendinopathy seen in skeletally mature athletes,[1] although Sinding-Larson, Johansson, and Smillie once described this condition. Jumper's knee usually affects the attachment of the patellar tendon to the inferior patellar pole. The definition was subsequently widened to include tendinopathy...

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